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\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div id=\"toctitle\">\n<h2 style=\"color: black;\">\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">1.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">2<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">2.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">2.1.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629:\u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">3<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">4<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631: \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.2<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.3<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-12\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.3.1<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">1899-1946: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.3.2<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.3.3<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">1946-1968: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.3.4<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">1940 &#8212; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">5.4<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-17\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">6<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-18\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">7<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-19\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">8<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-20\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">9<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-21\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: silver !important;\">10<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"toctext\">\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<h2 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\".D9.85.D8.AC.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.AA.D9.82.D8.A7.D8.A1.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.AB.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A5.D9.86.D8.B3.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f (1822-1888) Matthew Arnold \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a &#8220;.<sup id=\"cite_ref-anarchy_1-0\" class=\"reference\">[1]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u062c&#8221; &#8220;bildung&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646:&#8221;.. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<sup id=\"cite_ref-anarchy_1-1\" class=\"reference\">[1]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645<sup id=\"cite_ref-anarchy_1-2\" class=\"reference\">[1]<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<li>&#8220;\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 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\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0648 \u0622\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f Matthew Arnold \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u061b \u0645\u0642\u0644\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0633 Thomas Hobbes \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0648 Jean-Jacques Rousseau \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0631 Herbert Spencer \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 Social Darwinism\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0646 Lewis Henry Morgan \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0649.\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg\/170px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"231\" data-file-width=\"292\" data-file-height=\"396\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 Edward Tylor \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0649<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629) \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1870\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 Edward Tylor (1832-1917) \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0649. \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\">[2]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4b\/Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg\/170px-Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"222\" data-file-width=\"1081\" data-file-height=\"1414\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0644\u0641\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/Adolf_Bastian.jpg\/170px-Adolf_Bastian.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"235\" data-file-width=\"1140\" data-file-height=\"1575\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\".D8.AD.D8.B1.D9.83.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B3.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.8A.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 Immanuel Kant(1724-1804) \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631&#8221; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062c bildung \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.: \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 &#8221; \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\">[3]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0621.&#8221; \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644.\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0648\u062f Sapere aude \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 &#8221; \u0643\u0646 \u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627&#8221;. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 &#8211; \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0631 Johann Gottfried Herder\u060c (1744-1803) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0631 Herder \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062c: \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a&#8221; \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1860 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) \u0628\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629&#8221; (Elementargedanken)\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 Volkergedanken)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\">[5]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 Franz Boas (1858-1942) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\".D8.A2.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.A1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.82.D8.B1.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.B4.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.86_.D8.AD.D9.88.D9.84_.D9.85.D9.81.D9.87.D9.85.D9.88.D9.85_.D9.83.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A9_.D8.AB.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A5.D9.86.D8.AB.D8.B1.D8.A8.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88.D8.AC.D9.8A.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D9.85.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.83.D9.8A.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 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src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg\/300px-Hominoid_taxonomy_7.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"75\" data-file-width=\"418\" data-file-height=\"105\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 4 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0649 clade Hominoidea:\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0649 Hylobatidae\u060c 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class=\"reference\">[7]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643<sup id=\"cite_ref-8\" class=\"reference\">[8]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\">[9]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\">[10]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\">[11]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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McGrew \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u060c &#8220;[\u0623] \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u0643\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 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style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<li>\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u064a \u062d\u062f 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class=\"reference\">[15]<\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Lucy_blackbg.jpg\/170px-Lucy_blackbg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"410\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"2413\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062b\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 Lucy\u060c an Australopithecus afarensis<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Humanevolutionchart.png\/220px-Humanevolutionchart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"246\" data-file-width=\"1833\" data-file-height=\"2052\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 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\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5b\/A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg\/220px-A_Bonobo_at_the_San_Diego_Zoo_%22fishing%22_for_termites.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"2608\" data-file-height=\"1952\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8c\/Jigokudani_hotspring_in_Nagano_Japan_001.jpg\/220px-Jigokudani_hotspring_in_Nagano_Japan_001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0642\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0648 Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 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src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/MaternalBond.jpg\/220px-MaternalBond.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"148\" data-file-width=\"424\" data-file-height=\"286\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564-2.jpg\/220px-Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"154\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"419\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648\u062a Inuit Family<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg\/220px-Khotan-mercado-chicas-d01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"768\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cc\/KidsindoorwayC.jpg\/220px-KidsindoorwayC.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"191\" data-file-width=\"533\" data-file-height=\"462\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/57\/Children_in_Namibia%281_cropped%29.jpg\/220px-Children_in_Namibia%281_cropped%29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"163\" data-file-width=\"1353\" data-file-height=\"1003\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644.&#8221;<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\">[29]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 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class=\"reference\">[51]<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629&#8221; 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src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/32\/Chopping_tool.gif\/220px-Chopping_tool.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"123\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"557\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/40\/Bifaz-1_del_Trabancos.gif\/220px-Bifaz-1_del_Trabancos.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"162\" data-file-width=\"2010\" data-file-height=\"1478\" \/><\/p>\n<div 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\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Terrence Deacon\u060c\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0649&#8221;Baldwinian Evolution. \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629\u00a0\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u00a0\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c James Baldwin\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646<sup id=\"cite_ref-58\" class=\"reference\">[58]<\/sup><\/p>\n<dl style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<dd>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a 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id=\".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AB.D9.82.D8.A7.D9.81.D8.A9_.D9.85.D9.86_.D9.85.D9.86.D8.B8.D9.88.D8.B1_.D8.B9.D9.84.D9.85_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A2.D8.AB.D8.A7.D8.B1:_.D8.AD.D9.82.D9.8A.D9.82.D8.A9_.D9.88.D9.85.D8.AF.D9.84.D9.88.D9.84\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631: \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/31\/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg\/220px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"533\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 [\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627]\u060c \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6a\/Levallois_Point-Animation.gif\/220px-Levallois_Point-Animation.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" data-file-width=\"806\" data-file-height=\"540\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 Levallois Point<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/09\/BBC-artefacts.jpg\/220px-BBC-artefacts.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"139\" data-file-width=\"835\" data-file-height=\"529\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 75 -80 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0647\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0633 Blombos<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b1\/CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG\/220px-CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" data-file-width=\"1544\" data-file-height=\"1024\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643 Catal H?y\u00fck<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg\/220px-Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"125\" data-file-width=\"1420\" data-file-height=\"807\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643 Catalh?y\u00fck\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f &#8212; 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class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\"1899-1946:_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.8A_.D9.85.D9.82.D8.A7.D8.A8.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B5\" class=\"mw-headline\">1899-1946: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/FranzBoas.jpg\/170px-FranzBoas.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"247\" data-file-width=\"450\" data-file-height=\"654\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" 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\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<sup id=\"cite_ref-93\" class=\"reference\">[93]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-94\" class=\"reference\">[94]<\/sup>\u00a0] \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629&#8221; \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<sup id=\"cite_ref-95\" class=\"reference\">[95]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a0\/Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg\/170px-Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"271\" data-file-width=\"229\" data-file-height=\"365\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0627 Wovoka &#8211;\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0631\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u062d<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d9\/Zuni-girl-with-jar2.png\/170px-Zuni-girl-with-jar2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"298\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"1404\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c 1903<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/Edward_Curtis_Image_005.jpg\/220px-Edward_Curtis_Image_005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" data-file-width=\"936\" data-file-height=\"747\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0633 Edward Curtis photo of a Kwakwaka&#8217;wakw potlatch<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Elisala.jpg\/170px-Elisala.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"233\" data-file-width=\"322\" data-file-height=\"441\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627 Tu&#8217;i Manu&#8217;a Elisala<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/35\/Hopi_basketweaver.jpg\/170px-Hopi_basketweaver.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"177\" data-file-width=\"650\" data-file-height=\"676\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631 Hopi Basket Weaver<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 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class=\"reference\">[107]<\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062aRuth\u00a0Benedict(1887-1948)\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u00a0(1901-1978) Margaret Mead\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<sup id=\"cite_ref-108\" 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src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Cousin-Kinship-chart.png\/300px-Cousin-Kinship-chart.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"100\" data-file-width=\"540\" data-file-height=\"180\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0633 Iroqois Kinship Structure<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Triangle_culinaire.svg\/220px-Triangle_culinaire.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"196\" 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width=\"220\" height=\"167\" data-file-width=\"798\" data-file-height=\"605\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/11\/Indian_Cock_Fight.jpg\/220px-Indian_Cock_Fight.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" data-file-width=\"3504\" data-file-height=\"2332\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8d\/Huli_wigman.jpg\/170px-Huli_wigman.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"255\" data-file-width=\"1000\" data-file-height=\"1500\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 Huli Wigman \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/CowHA.jpg\/170px-CowHA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"244\" data-file-width=\"418\" data-file-height=\"600\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0631<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cd\/Deathofcookoriginal.jpg\/220px-Deathofcookoriginal.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"149\" data-file-width=\"430\" data-file-height=\"291\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0649 Cleveley \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0643 Cook<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Nlfmainforce.jpg\/220px-Nlfmainforce.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"500\" data-file-height=\"375\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0622\u0649 \u0643\u0649-74<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062f\u00a0\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0632\u00a0Clifford Geertz\u00a0\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645. \u0634\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u00a0David M. Schneider\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0631\u00a0\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 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id=\"cite_ref-160\" class=\"reference\">[160]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-161\" class=\"reference\">[161]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-162\" class=\"reference\">[162]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-163\" class=\"reference\">[163]<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-164\" class=\"reference\">[164]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"color: black;\"><span id=\"1940_--_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.88.D9.82.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.A7.D8.B6.D8.B1:_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.AD.D9.84.D9.8A_.D9.85.D9.82.D8.A7.D8.A8.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B9.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.8A\" class=\"mw-headline\">1940 &#8212; \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Mexico.Mor.Tepoztlan.01.jpg\/220px-Mexico.Mor.Tepoztlan.01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"293\" data-file-width=\"480\" data-file-height=\"640\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0637\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0648 Tepozteco \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646 Tepoztl?n.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: #252525;\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/ExConventoDominicodelaNatividadTepotzlan.JPG\/220px-ExConventoDominicodelaNatividadTepotzlan.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1200\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062f Ex-convent of Dominico de la Natividad\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 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height=\"216\" data-file-width=\"880\" data-file-height=\"862\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/bits.wikimedia.org\/static-1.24wmf12\/skins\/common\/images\/magnify-clip-rtl.png?resize=15%2C11\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"11\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1770<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"color: #252525;\">\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a 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\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<sup id=\"cite_ref-174\" class=\"reference\">[174]<\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\" style=\"color: 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